package B::Lint; our $VERSION = '1.14'; ## no critic =head1 NAME B::Lint - Perl lint =head1 SYNOPSIS perl -MO=Lint[,OPTIONS] foo.pl =head1 DESCRIPTION The B::Lint module is equivalent to an extended version of the B<-w> option of B. It is named after the program F which carries out a similar process for C programs. =head1 OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS Option words are separated by commas (not whitespace) and follow the usual conventions of compiler backend options. Following any options (indicated by a leading B<->) come lint check arguments. Each such argument (apart from the special B and B options) is a word representing one possible lint check (turning on that check) or is B (turning off that check). Before processing the check arguments, a standard list of checks is turned on. Later options override earlier ones. Available options are: =over 8 =item B Produces a warning whenever the magic CE> readline is used. Internally it uses perl's two-argument open which itself treats filenames with special characters specially. This could allow interestingly named files to have unexpected effects when reading. % touch 'rm *|' % perl -pe 1 The above creates a file named C. When perl opens it with CE> it actually executes the shell program C. This makes CE> dangerous to use carelessly. =item B Produces a warning whenever an array is used in an implicit scalar context. For example, both of the lines $foo = length(@bar); $foo = @bar; will elicit a warning. Using an explicit B silences the warning. For example, $foo = scalar(@bar); =item B and B These options produce a warning whenever an operation implicitly reads or (respectively) writes to one of Perl's special variables. For example, B will warn about these: /foo/; and B will warn about these: s/foo/bar/; Both B and B warn about this: for (@a) { ... } =item B This option warns whenever a bareword is implicitly quoted, but is also the name of a subroutine in the current package. Typical mistakes that it will trap are: use constant foo => 'bar'; @a = ( foo => 1 ); $b{foo} = 2; Neither of these will do what a naive user would expect. =item B This option warns whenever C<$_> is used either explicitly anywhere or as the implicit argument of a B statement. =item B This option warns on each use of any variable, subroutine or method name that lives in a non-current package but begins with an underscore ("_"). Warnings aren't issued for the special case of the single character name "_" by itself (e.g. C<$_> and C<@_>). =item B This option warns whenever an undefined subroutine is invoked. This option will only catch explicitly invoked subroutines such as C and not indirect invocations such as C<&$subref()> or C<$obj-Emeth()>. Note that some programs or modules delay definition of subs until runtime by means of the AUTOLOAD mechanism. =item B This option warns whenever one of the regexp variables C<$`>, C<$&> or C<$'> is used. Any occurrence of any of these variables in your program can slow your whole program down. See L for details. =item B Turn all warnings on. =item B Turn all warnings off. =back =head1 NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS =over 8 =item B<-u Package> Normally, Lint only checks the main code of the program together with all subs defined in package main. The B<-u> option lets you include other package names whose subs are then checked by Lint. =back =head1 EXTENDING LINT Lint can be extended by with plugins. Lint uses L to find available plugins. Plugins are expected but not required to inform Lint of which checks they are adding. The C<< B::Lint->register_plugin( MyPlugin => \@new_checks ) >> method adds the list of C<@new_checks> to the list of valid checks. If your module wasn't loaded by L then your class name is added to the list of plugins. You must create a C method in your plugin class or one of its parents. It will be called on every op as a regular method call with a hash ref of checks as its parameter. The class methods C<< B::Lint->file >> and C<< B::Lint->line >> contain the current filename and line number. package Sample; use B::Lint; B::Lint->register_plugin( Sample => [ 'good_taste' ] ); sub match { my ( $op, $checks_href ) = shift @_; if ( $checks_href->{good_taste} ) { ... } } =head1 TODO =over =item while() stomps $_ =item strict oo =item unchecked system calls =item more tests, validate against older perls =back =head1 BUGS This is only a very preliminary version. =head1 AUTHOR Malcolm Beattie, mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk. =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sebastien Aperghis-Tramoni - bug fixes =cut use strict; use B qw( walkoptree_slow main_root main_cv walksymtable parents OPpOUR_INTRO OPf_WANT_VOID OPf_WANT_LIST OPf_WANT OPf_STACKED SVf_POK ); use Carp 'carp'; # The current M::P doesn't know about .pmc files. use Module::Pluggable ( require => 1 ); use List::Util 'first'; ## no critic Prototypes sub any (&@) { my $test = shift @_; $test->() and return 1 for @_; return 0 } BEGIN { # Import or create some constants from B. B doesn't provide # everything I need so some things like OPpCONST_BARE are defined # here. for my $sym ( qw( begin_av check_av init_av end_av ), [ 'OPpCONST_BARE' => 64 ] ) { my $val; ( $sym, $val ) = @$sym if ref $sym; if ( any { $sym eq $_ } @B::EXPORT_OK, @B::EXPORT ) { B->import($sym); } else { require constant; constant->import( $sym => $val ); } } } my $file = "unknown"; # shadows current filename my $line = 0; # shadows current line number my $curstash = "main"; # shadows current stash my $curcv; # shadows current B::CV for pad lookups sub file {$file} sub line {$line} sub curstash {$curstash} sub curcv {$curcv} # Lint checks my %check; my %implies_ok_context; map( $implies_ok_context{$_}++, qw(scalar av2arylen aelem aslice helem hslice keys values hslice defined undef delete) ); # Lint checks turned on by default my @default_checks = qw(context magic_diamond undefined_subs regexp_variables); my %valid_check; # All valid checks for my $check ( qw(context implicit_read implicit_write dollar_underscore private_names bare_subs undefined_subs regexp_variables magic_diamond ) ) { $valid_check{$check} = __PACKAGE__; } # Debugging options my ($debug_op); my %done_cv; # used to mark which subs have already been linted my @extra_packages; # Lint checks mainline code and all subs which are # in main:: or in one of these packages. sub warning { my $format = ( @_ < 2 ) ? "%s" : shift @_; warn sprintf( "$format at %s line %d\n", @_, $file, $line ); return undef; ## no critic undef } # This gimme can't cope with context that's only determined # at runtime via dowantarray(). sub gimme { my $op = shift @_; my $flags = $op->flags; if ( $flags & OPf_WANT ) { return ( ( $flags & OPf_WANT ) == OPf_WANT_LIST ? 1 : 0 ); } return undef; ## no critic undef } my @plugins = __PACKAGE__->plugins; sub inside_grepmap { # A boolean function to be used while inside a B::walkoptree_slow # call. If we are in the EXPR part of C or C, this returns true. return any { $_->name =~ m/\A(?:grep|map)/xms } @{ parents() }; } sub inside_foreach_modifier { # TODO: use any() # A boolean function to be used while inside a B::walkoptree_slow # call. If we are in the EXPR part of C this # returns true. for my $ancestor ( @{ parents() } ) { next unless $ancestor->name eq 'leaveloop'; my $first = $ancestor->first; next unless $first->name eq 'enteriter'; next if $first->redoop->name =~ m/\A(?:next|db|set)state\z/xms; return 1; } return 0; } for ( [qw[ B::PADOP::gv_harder gv padix]], [qw[ B::SVOP::sv_harder sv targ]], [qw[ B::SVOP::gv_harder gv padix]] ) { # I'm generating some functions here because they're mostly # similar. It's all for compatibility with threaded # perl. Perhaps... this code should inspect $Config{usethreads} # and generate a *specific* function. I'm leaving it generic for # the moment. # # In threaded perl SVs and GVs aren't used directly in the optrees # like they are in non-threaded perls. The ops that would use a SV # or GV keep an index into the subroutine's scratchpad. I'm # currently ignoring $cv->DEPTH and that might be at my peril. my ( $subname, $attr, $pad_attr ) = @$_; my $target = do { ## no critic strict no strict 'refs'; \*$subname; }; *$target = sub { my ($op) = @_; my $elt; if ( not $op->isa('B::PADOP') ) { $elt = $op->$attr; } return $elt if eval { $elt->isa('B::SV') }; my $ix = $op->$pad_attr; my @entire_pad = $curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY; my @elts = map +( $_->ARRAY )[$ix], @entire_pad; ($elt) = first { eval { $_->isa('B::SV') } ? $_ : (); } @elts[ 0, reverse 1 .. $#elts ]; return $elt; }; } sub B::OP::lint { my ($op) = @_; # This is a fallback ->lint for all the ops where I haven't # defined something more specific. Nothing happens here. # Call all registered plugins my $m; $m = $_->can('match'), $op->$m( \%check ) for @plugins; return; } sub B::COP::lint { my ($op) = @_; # nextstate ops sit between statements. Whenever I see one I # update the current info on file, line, and stash. This code also # updates it when it sees a dbstate or setstate op. I have no idea # what those are but having seen them mentioned together in other # parts of the perl I think they're kind of equivalent. if ( $op->name =~ m/\A(?:next|db|set)state\z/ ) { $file = $op->file; $line = $op->line; $curstash = $op->stash->NAME; } # Call all registered plugins my $m; $m = $_->can('match'), $op->$m( \%check ) for @plugins; return; } sub B::UNOP::lint { my ($op) = @_; my $opname = $op->name; CONTEXT: { # Check arrays and hashes in scalar or void context where # scalar() hasn't been used. next unless $check{context} and $opname =~ m/\Arv2[ah]v\z/xms and not gimme($op); my ( $parent, $gparent ) = @{ parents() }[ 0, 1 ]; my $pname = $parent->name; next if $implies_ok_context{$pname}; # Three special cases to deal with: "foreach (@foo)", "delete # $a{$b}", and "exists $a{$b}" null out the parent so we have to # check for a parent of pp_null and a grandparent of # pp_enteriter, pp_delete, pp_exists next if $pname eq "null" and $gparent->name =~ m/\A(?:delete|enteriter|exists)\z/xms; # our( @bar ); would also trigger this error so I exclude # that. next if $op->private & OPpOUR_INTRO and ( $op->flags & OPf_WANT ) == OPf_WANT_VOID; warning 'Implicit scalar context for %s in %s', $opname eq "rv2av" ? "array" : "hash", $parent->desc; } PRIVATE_NAMES: { # Looks for calls to methods with names that begin with _ and # that aren't visible within the current package. Maybe this # should look at @ISA. next unless $check{private_names} and $opname =~ m/\Amethod/xms; my $methop = $op->first; next unless $methop->name eq "const"; my $method = $methop->sv_harder->PV; next unless $method =~ m/\A_/xms and not defined &{"$curstash\::$method"}; warning q[Illegal reference to private method name '%s'], $method; } # Call all registered plugins my $m; $m = $_->can('match'), $op->$m( \%check ) for @plugins; return; } sub B::PMOP::lint { my ($op) = @_; IMPLICIT_READ: { # Look for /.../ that doesn't use =~ to bind to something. next unless $check{implicit_read} and $op->name eq "match" and not( $op->flags & OPf_STACKED or inside_grepmap() ); warning 'Implicit match on $_'; } IMPLICIT_WRITE: { # Look for s/.../.../ that doesn't use =~ to bind to # something. next unless $check{implicit_write} and $op->name eq "subst" and not $op->flags & OPf_STACKED; warning 'Implicit substitution on $_'; } # Call all registered plugins my $m; $m = $_->can('match'), $op->$m( \%check ) for @plugins; return; } sub B::LOOP::lint { my ($op) = @_; IMPLICIT_FOO: { # Look for C. next unless ( $check{implicit_read} or $check{implicit_write} ) and $op->name eq "enteriter"; my $last = $op->last; next unless $last->name eq "gv" and $last->gv_harder->NAME eq "_" and $op->redoop->name =~ m/\A(?:next|db|set)state\z/xms; warning 'Implicit use of $_ in foreach'; } # Call all registered plugins my $m; $m = $_->can('match'), $op->$m( \%check ) for @plugins; return; } # In threaded vs non-threaded perls you'll find that threaded perls # use PADOP in place of SVOPs so they can do lookups into the # scratchpad to find things. I suppose this is so a optree can be # shared between threads and all symbol table muckery will just get # written to a scratchpad. *B::PADOP::lint = *B::PADOP::lint = \&B::SVOP::lint; sub B::SVOP::lint { my ($op) = @_; MAGIC_DIAMOND: { next unless $check{magic_diamond} and parents()->[0]->name eq 'readline' and $op->gv_harder->NAME eq 'ARGV'; warning 'Use of <>'; } BARE_SUBS: { next unless $check{bare_subs} and $op->name eq 'const' and $op->private & OPpCONST_BARE; my $sv = $op->sv_harder; next unless $sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK; my $sub = $sv->PV; my $subname = "$curstash\::$sub"; # I want to skip over things that were declared with the # constant pragma. Well... sometimes. Hmm. I want to ignore # C< ...>> but warn on C< ...>> # later. The former is typical declaration syntax and the # latter would be an error. # # Skipping over both could be handled by looking if # $constant::declared{$subname} is true. # Check that it's a function. next unless exists &{"$curstash\::$sub"}; warning q[Bare sub name '%s' interpreted as string], $sub; } PRIVATE_NAMES: { next unless $check{private_names}; my $opname = $op->name; if ( $opname =~ m/\Agv(?:sv)?\z/xms ) { # Looks for uses of variables and stuff that are named # private and we're not in the same package. my $gv = $op->gv_harder; my $name = $gv->NAME; next unless $name =~ m/\A_./xms and $gv->STASH->NAME ne $curstash; warning q[Illegal reference to private name '%s'], $name; } elsif ( $opname eq "method_named" ) { my $method = $op->sv_harder->PV; next unless $method =~ m/\A_./xms; warning q[Illegal reference to private method name '%s'], $method; } } DOLLAR_UNDERSCORE: { # Warn on uses of $_ with a few exceptions. I'm not warning on # $_ inside grep, map, or statement modifier foreach because # they localize $_ and it'd be impossible to use these # features without getting warnings. next unless $check{dollar_underscore} and $op->name eq "gvsv" and $op->gv_harder->NAME eq "_" and not( inside_grepmap or inside_foreach_modifier ); warning 'Use of $_'; } REGEXP_VARIABLES: { # Look for any uses of $`, $&, or $'. next unless $check{regexp_variables} and $op->name eq "gvsv"; my $name = $op->gv_harder->NAME; next unless $name =~ m/\A[\&\'\`]\z/xms; warning 'Use of regexp variable $%s', $name; } UNDEFINED_SUBS: { # Look for calls to functions that either don't exist or don't # have a definition. next unless $check{undefined_subs} and $op->name eq "gv" and $op->next->name eq "entersub"; my $gv = $op->gv_harder; my $subname = $gv->STASH->NAME . "::" . $gv->NAME; no strict 'refs'; ## no critic strict if ( not exists &$subname ) { $subname =~ s/\Amain:://; warning q[Nonexistent subroutine '%s' called], $subname; } elsif ( not defined &$subname ) { $subname =~ s/\A\&?main:://; warning q[Undefined subroutine '%s' called], $subname; } } # Call all registered plugins my $m; $m = $_->can('match'), $op->$m( \%check ) for @plugins; return; } sub B::GV::lintcv { # Example: B::svref_2object( \ *A::Glob )->lintcv my $gv = shift @_; my $cv = $gv->CV; return unless $cv->can('lintcv'); $cv->lintcv; return; } sub B::CV::lintcv { # Example: B::svref_2object( \ &foo )->lintcv # Write to the *global* $ $curcv = shift @_; #warn sprintf("lintcv: %s::%s (done=%d)\n", # $gv->STASH->NAME, $gv->NAME, $done_cv{$$curcv});#debug return unless ref($curcv) and $$curcv and not $done_cv{$$curcv}++; my $root = $curcv->ROOT; #warn " root = $root (0x$$root)\n";#debug walkoptree_slow( $root, "lint" ) if $$root; return; } sub do_lint { my %search_pack; # Copy to the global $curcv for use in pad lookups. $curcv = main_cv; walkoptree_slow( main_root, "lint" ) if ${ main_root() }; # Do all the miscellaneous non-sub blocks. for my $av ( begin_av, init_av, check_av, end_av ) { next unless eval { $av->isa('B::AV') }; for my $cv ( $av->ARRAY ) { next unless ref($cv) and $cv->FILE eq $0; $cv->lintcv; } } walksymtable( \%main::, sub { if ( $_[0]->FILE eq $0 ) { $_[0]->lintcv } }, sub {1} ); return; } sub compile { my @options = @_; # Turn on default lint checks for my $opt (@default_checks) { $check{$opt} = 1; } OPTION: while ( my $option = shift @options ) { my ( $opt, $arg ); unless ( ( $opt, $arg ) = $option =~ m/\A-(.)(.*)/xms ) { unshift @options, $option; last OPTION; } if ( $opt eq "-" && $arg eq "-" ) { shift @options; last OPTION; } elsif ( $opt eq "D" ) { $arg ||= shift @options; foreach my $arg ( split //, $arg ) { if ( $arg eq "o" ) { B->debug(1); } elsif ( $arg eq "O" ) { $debug_op = 1; } } } elsif ( $opt eq "u" ) { $arg ||= shift @options; push @extra_packages, $arg; } } foreach my $opt ( @default_checks, @options ) { $opt =~ tr/-/_/; if ( $opt eq "all" ) { %check = %valid_check; } elsif ( $opt eq "none" ) { %check = (); } else { if ( $opt =~ s/\Ano_//xms ) { $check{$opt} = 0; } else { $check{$opt} = 1; } carp "No such check: $opt" unless defined $valid_check{$opt}; } } # Remaining arguments are things to check. So why aren't I # capturing them or something? I don't know. return \&do_lint; } sub register_plugin { my ( undef, $plugin, $new_checks ) = @_; # Allow the user to be lazy and not give us a name. $plugin = caller unless defined $plugin; # Register the plugin's named checks, if any. for my $check ( eval {@$new_checks} ) { if ( not defined $check ) { carp 'Undefined value in checks.'; next; } if ( exists $valid_check{$check} ) { carp "$check is already registered as a $valid_check{$check} feature."; next; } $valid_check{$check} = $plugin; } # Register a non-Module::Pluggable loaded module. @plugins already # contains whatever M::P found on disk. The user might load a # plugin manually from some arbitrary namespace and ask for it to # be registered. if ( not any { $_ eq $plugin } @plugins ) { push @plugins, $plugin; } return; } 1;