=over =item fc EXPR X X X X X =item fc Returns the casefolded version of EXPR. This is the internal function implementing the C<\F> escape in double-quoted strings. Casefolding is the process of mapping strings to a form where case differences are erased; comparing two strings in their casefolded form is effectively a way of asking if two strings are equal, regardless of case. Roughly, if you ever found yourself writing this lc($this) eq lc($that) # Wrong! # or uc($this) eq uc($that) # Also wrong! # or $this =~ /^\Q$that\E\z/i # Right! Now you can write fc($this) eq fc($that) And get the correct results. Perl only implements the full form of casefolding, but you can access the simple folds using L> and L>. For further information on casefolding, refer to the Unicode Standard, specifically sections 3.13 C, 4.2 C, and 5.18 C, available at L, as well as the Case Charts available at L. If EXPR is omitted, uses L|perlvar/$_>. This function behaves the same way under various pragmas, such as within L>|feature/The 'unicode_strings' feature>, as L|/lc EXPR> does, with the single exception of L|/fc EXPR> of I (U+1E9E) within the scope of L>|locale>. The foldcase of this character would normally be C<"ss">, but as explained in the L|/lc EXPR> section, case changes that cross the 255/256 boundary are problematic under locales, and are hence prohibited. Therefore, this function under locale returns instead the string C<"\x{17F}\x{17F}">, which is the I. Since that character itself folds to C<"s">, the string of two of them together should be equivalent to a single U+1E9E when foldcased. While the Unicode Standard defines two additional forms of casefolding, one for Turkic languages and one that never maps one character into multiple characters, these are not provided by the Perl core. However, the CPAN module L|Unicode::Casing> may be used to provide an implementation. L|/fc EXPR> is available only if the L feature|feature/The 'fc' feature> is enabled or if it is prefixed with C. The L feature|feature/The 'fc' feature> is enabled automatically with a C (or higher) declaration in the current scope. =back