=pod I> =head2 Perl Functions by Category X Here are Perl's functions (including things that look like functions, like some keywords and named operators) arranged by category. Some functions appear in more than one place. Any warnings, including those produced by keywords, are described in L and L. =over 4 =item Functions for SCALARs or strings X X X =for Pod::Functions =String L|/chomp VARIABLE>, L|/chop VARIABLE>, L|/chr NUMBER>, L|/crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT>, L|/fc EXPR>, L|/hex EXPR>, L|/index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION>, L|/lc EXPR>, L|/lcfirst EXPR>, L|/length EXPR>, L|/oct EXPR>, L|/ord EXPR>, L|/pack TEMPLATE,LIST>, LE>|/qESTRINGE>, LE>|/qqESTRINGE>, L|/reverse LIST>, L|/rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION>, L|/sprintf FORMAT, LIST>, L|/substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT>, LEE>|/trEEE>, L|/uc EXPR>, L|/ucfirst EXPR>, LEE>|/yEEE> L|/fc EXPR> is available only if the L feature|feature/The 'fc' feature> is enabled or if it is prefixed with C. The L feature|feature/The 'fc' feature> is enabled automatically with a C (or higher) declaration in the current scope. =item Regular expressions and pattern matching X X X =for Pod::Functions =Regexp LE>|/mEE>, L|/pos SCALAR>, LE>|/qrESTRINGE>, L|/quotemeta EXPR>, LEE>|/sEEE>, L|/split EPATTERNE,EXPR,LIMIT>, L|/study SCALAR> =item Numeric functions X X X X =for Pod::Functions =Math L|/abs VALUE>, L|/atan2 Y,X>, L|/cos EXPR>, L|/exp EXPR>, L|/hex EXPR>, L|/int EXPR>, L|/log EXPR>, L|/oct EXPR>, L|/rand EXPR>, L|/sin EXPR>, L|/sqrt EXPR>, L|/srand EXPR> =item Functions for real @ARRAYs X =for Pod::Functions =ARRAY L|/each HASH>, L|/keys HASH>, L|/pop ARRAY>, L|/push ARRAY,LIST>, L|/shift ARRAY>, L|/splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST>, L|/unshift ARRAY,LIST>, L|/values HASH> =item Functions for list data X =for Pod::Functions =LIST L|/grep BLOCK LIST>, L|/join EXPR,LIST>, L|/map BLOCK LIST>, LE>|/qwESTRINGE>, L|/reverse LIST>, L|/sort SUBNAME LIST>, L|/unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR> =item Functions for real %HASHes X =for Pod::Functions =HASH L|/delete EXPR>, L|/each HASH>, L|/exists EXPR>, L|/keys HASH>, L|/values HASH> =item Input and output functions X X X X =for Pod::Functions =I/O L|/binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER>, L|/close FILEHANDLE>, L|/closedir DIRHANDLE>, L|/dbmclose HASH>, L|/dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK>, L|/die LIST>, L|/eof FILEHANDLE>, L|/fileno FILEHANDLE>, L|/flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION>, L|/format>, L|/getc FILEHANDLE>, L|/print FILEHANDLE LIST>, L|/printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST>, L|/read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET>, L|/readdir DIRHANDLE>, L|/readline EXPR>, L|/rewinddir DIRHANDLE>, L|/say FILEHANDLE LIST>, L|/seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE>, L|/seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS>, L|/select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT>, L|/syscall NUMBER, LIST>, L|/sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET>, L|/sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE>, L|/syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET>, L|/tell FILEHANDLE>, L|/telldir DIRHANDLE>, L|/truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH>, L|/warn LIST>, L|/write FILEHANDLE> L|/say FILEHANDLE LIST> is available only if the L feature|feature/The 'say' feature> is enabled or if it is prefixed with C. The L feature|feature/The 'say' feature> is enabled automatically with a C (or higher) declaration in the current scope. =item Functions for fixed-length data or records =for Pod::Functions =Binary L|/pack TEMPLATE,LIST>, L|/read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET>, L|/syscall NUMBER, LIST>, L|/sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET>, L|/sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE>, L|/syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET>, L|/unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR>, L|/vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS> =item Functions for filehandles, files, or directories X X X X X X =for Pod::Functions =File L>|/-X FILEHANDLE>, L|/chdir EXPR>, L|/chmod LIST>, L|/chown LIST>, L|/chroot FILENAME>, L|/fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR>, L|/glob EXPR>, L|/ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR>, L|/link OLDFILE,NEWFILE>, L|/lstat FILEHANDLE>, L|/mkdir FILENAME,MODE>, L|/open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR>, L|/opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR>, L|/readlink EXPR>, L|/rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME>, L|/rmdir FILENAME>, L|/select FILEHANDLE>, L|/stat FILEHANDLE>, L|/symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE>, L|/sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE>, L|/umask EXPR>, L|/unlink LIST>, L|/utime LIST> =item Keywords related to the control flow of your Perl program X =for Pod::Functions =Flow L|/break>, L|/caller EXPR>, L|/continue BLOCK>, L|/die LIST>, L|/do BLOCK>, L|/dump LABEL>, L|/eval EXPR>, L|/evalbytes EXPR>, L|/exit EXPR>, L|/__FILE__>, L|/goto LABEL>, L|/last LABEL>, L|/__LINE__>, L|/next LABEL>, L|/__PACKAGE__>, L|/redo LABEL>, L|/return EXPR>, L|/sub NAME BLOCK>, L|/__SUB__>, L|/wantarray> L|/break> is available only if you enable the experimental L feature|feature/The 'switch' feature> or use the C prefix. The L feature|feature/The 'switch' feature> also enables the C, C and C statements, which are documented in L. The L feature|feature/The 'switch' feature> is enabled automatically with a C (or higher) declaration in the current scope. In Perl v5.14 and earlier, L|/continue BLOCK> required the L feature|feature/The 'switch' feature>, like the other keywords. L|/evalbytes EXPR> is only available with the L feature|feature/The 'unicode_eval' and 'evalbytes' features> (see L) or if prefixed with C. L|/__SUB__> is only available with the L feature|feature/The 'current_sub' feature> or if prefixed with C. Both the L|feature/The 'unicode_eval' and 'evalbytes' features> and L|feature/The 'current_sub' feature> features are enabled automatically with a C (or higher) declaration in the current scope. =item Keywords related to scoping =for Pod::Functions =Namespace L|/caller EXPR>, L|/import LIST>, L|/local EXPR>, L|/my VARLIST>, L|/our VARLIST>, L|/package NAMESPACE>, L|/state VARLIST>, L|/use Module VERSION LIST> L|/state VARLIST> is available only if the L feature|feature/The 'state' feature> is enabled or if it is prefixed with C. The L feature|feature/The 'state' feature> is enabled automatically with a C (or higher) declaration in the current scope. =item Miscellaneous functions =for Pod::Functions =Misc L|/defined EXPR>, L|/formline PICTURE,LIST>, L|/lock THING>, L|/prototype FUNCTION>, L|/reset EXPR>, L|/scalar EXPR>, L|/undef EXPR> =item Functions for processes and process groups X X X =for Pod::Functions =Process L|/alarm SECONDS>, L|/exec LIST>, L|/fork>, L|/getpgrp PID>, L|/getppid>, L|/getpriority WHICH,WHO>, L|/kill SIGNAL, LIST>, L|/pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE>, LE>|/qxESTRINGE>, L|/readpipe EXPR>, L|/setpgrp PID,PGRP>, L|/setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY>, L|/sleep EXPR>, L|/system LIST>, L|/times>, L|/wait>, L|/waitpid PID,FLAGS> =item Keywords related to Perl modules X =for Pod::Functions =Modules L|/do EXPR>, L|/import LIST>, L|/no MODULE VERSION LIST>, L|/package NAMESPACE>, L|/require VERSION>, L|/use Module VERSION LIST> =item Keywords related to classes and object-orientation X X X =for Pod::Functions =Objects L|/bless REF,CLASSNAME>, L|/dbmclose HASH>, L|/dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK>, L|/package NAMESPACE>, L|/ref EXPR>, L|/tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST>, L|/tied VARIABLE>, L|/untie VARIABLE>, L|/use Module VERSION LIST> =item Low-level socket functions X X =for Pod::Functions =Socket L|/accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET>, L|/bind SOCKET,NAME>, L|/connect SOCKET,NAME>, L|/getpeername SOCKET>, L|/getsockname SOCKET>, L|/getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME>, L|/listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE>, L|/recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS>, L|/send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO>, L|/setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL>, L|/shutdown SOCKET,HOW>, L|/socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL>, L|/socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL> =item System V interprocess communication functions X X X X X X =for Pod::Functions =SysV L|/msgctl ID,CMD,ARG>, L|/msgget KEY,FLAGS>, L|/msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS>, L|/msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS>, L|/semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG>, L|/semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS>, L|/semop KEY,OPSTRING>, L|/shmctl ID,CMD,ARG>, L|/shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS>, L|/shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE>, L|/shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE> =item Fetching user and group info X X X X X X X =for Pod::Functions =User L|/endgrent>, L|/endhostent>, L|/endnetent>, L|/endpwent>, L|/getgrent>, L|/getgrgid GID>, L|/getgrnam NAME>, L|/getlogin>, L|/getpwent>, L|/getpwnam NAME>, L|/getpwuid UID>, L|/setgrent>, L|/setpwent> =item Fetching network info X X X X X X
X =for Pod::Functions =Network L|/endprotoent>, L|/endservent>, L|/gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE>, L|/gethostbyname NAME>, L|/gethostent>, L|/getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE>, L|/getnetbyname NAME>, L|/getnetent>, L|/getprotobyname NAME>, L|/getprotobynumber NUMBER>, L|/getprotoent>, L|/getservbyname NAME,PROTO>, L|/getservbyport PORT,PROTO>, L|/getservent>, L|/sethostent STAYOPEN>, L|/setnetent STAYOPEN>, L|/setprotoent STAYOPEN>, L|/setservent STAYOPEN> =item Time-related functions X