=over

=item sprintf FORMAT, LIST

Returns a string formatted by the usual C<printf> conventions of the C
library function C<sprintf>.  See below for more details
and see L<sprintf(3)> or L<printf(3)> on your system for an explanation of
the general principles.

For example:

        # Format number with up to 8 leading zeroes
        $result = sprintf("%08d", $number);

        # Round number to 3 digits after decimal point
        $rounded = sprintf("%.3f", $number);

Perl does its own C<sprintf> formatting--it emulates the C
function C<sprintf>, but it doesn't use it (except for floating-point
numbers, and even then only the standard modifiers are allowed).  As a
result, any non-standard extensions in your local C<sprintf> are not
available from Perl.

Unlike C<printf>, C<sprintf> does not do what you probably mean when you
pass it an array as your first argument. The array is given scalar context,
and instead of using the 0th element of the array as the format, Perl will
use the count of elements in the array as the format, which is almost never
useful.

Perl's C<sprintf> permits the following universally-known conversions:

   %%	a percent sign
   %c	a character with the given number
   %s	a string
   %d	a signed integer, in decimal
   %u	an unsigned integer, in decimal
   %o	an unsigned integer, in octal
   %x	an unsigned integer, in hexadecimal
   %e	a floating-point number, in scientific notation
   %f	a floating-point number, in fixed decimal notation
   %g	a floating-point number, in %e or %f notation

In addition, Perl permits the following widely-supported conversions:

   %X	like %x, but using upper-case letters
   %E	like %e, but using an upper-case "E"
   %G	like %g, but with an upper-case "E" (if applicable)
   %b	an unsigned integer, in binary
   %p	a pointer (outputs the Perl value's address in hexadecimal)
   %n	special: *stores* the number of characters output so far
        into the next variable in the parameter list 

Finally, for backward (and we do mean "backward") compatibility, Perl
permits these unnecessary but widely-supported conversions:

   %i	a synonym for %d
   %D	a synonym for %ld
   %U	a synonym for %lu
   %O	a synonym for %lo
   %F	a synonym for %f

Note that the number of exponent digits in the scientific notation by
C<%e>, C<%E>, C<%g> and C<%G> for numbers with the modulus of the
exponent less than 100 is system-dependent: it may be three or less
(zero-padded as necessary).  In other words, 1.23 times ten to the
99th may be either "1.23e99" or "1.23e099".

Perl permits the following universally-known flags between the C<%>
and the conversion letter:

   space   prefix positive number with a space
   +       prefix positive number with a plus sign
   -       left-justify within the field
   0       use zeros, not spaces, to right-justify
   #       prefix non-zero octal with "0", non-zero hex with "0x"
   number  minimum field width
   .number "precision": digits after decimal point for
           floating-point, max length for string, minimum length
           for integer
   l       interpret integer as C type "long" or "unsigned long"
   h       interpret integer as C type "short" or "unsigned short"
           If no flags, interpret integer as C type "int" or "unsigned"

There are also two Perl-specific flags:

   V       interpret integer as Perl's standard integer type
   v       interpret string as a vector of integers, output as
           numbers separated either by dots, or by an arbitrary
	   string received from the argument list when the flag
	   is preceded by C<*>

Where a number would appear in the flags, an asterisk (C<*>) may be
used instead, in which case Perl uses the next item in the parameter
list as the given number (that is, as the field width or precision).
If a field width obtained through C<*> is negative, it has the same
effect as the C<-> flag: left-justification.

The C<v> flag is useful for displaying ordinal values of characters
in arbitrary strings:

    printf "version is v%vd\n", $^V;		# Perl's version
    printf "address is %*vX\n", ":", $addr;	# IPv6 address
    printf "bits are %*vb\n", " ", $bits;	# random bitstring

If C<use locale> is in effect, the character used for the decimal
point in formatted real numbers is affected by the LC_NUMERIC locale.
See L<perllocale>.

If Perl understands "quads" (64-bit integers) (this requires
either that the platform natively support quads or that Perl
be specifically compiled to support quads), the characters

	d u o x X b i D U O

print quads, and they may optionally be preceded by

	ll L q

For example

	%lld %16LX %qo

You can find out whether your Perl supports quads via L<Config>:

	use Config;
	($Config{use64bitint} eq 'define' || $Config{longsize} == 8) &&
		print "quads\n";

If Perl understands "long doubles" (this requires that the platform
support long doubles), the flags

	e f g E F G

may optionally be preceded by

	ll L

For example

	%llf %Lg

You can find out whether your Perl supports long doubles via L<Config>:

	use Config;
	$Config{d_longdbl} eq 'define' && print "long doubles\n";

=back