package CGI; require 5.004; use Carp 'croak'; # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the # string '=head'. # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the # Perl 5 distribution). # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved. # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note # listing the modifications you have made. # The most recent version and complete docs are available at: # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/ $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.62 2002/04/10 19:36:01 lstein Exp $'; $CGI::VERSION='2.81'; # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES. # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING. # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp'; use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires); #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN', # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd']; use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN', 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd']; # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<< sub initialize_globals { # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages $AUTOLOAD_DEBUG = 0; # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output $XHTML = 1; # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html() # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use'); $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN', 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ; # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts # or: # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky) # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1) $NOSTICKY = 0; # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts # or: # 1) use CGI qw(-nph) # 2) CGI::nph(1) # 3) print header(-nph=>1) $NPH = 0; # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN $DEBUG = 1; # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created # during file uploads safe from prying eyes # or do... # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles) # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1); $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0; # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing # to a certain number of bytes: $POST_MAX = -1; # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely: $DISABLE_UPLOADS = 0; # Automatically determined -- don't change $EBCDIC = 0; # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers $HEADERS_ONCE = 0; # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1; # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params); $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0; # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about. undef $Q; $BEEN_THERE = 0; undef @QUERY_PARAM; undef %EXPORT; undef $QUERY_CHARSET; undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES; # prevent complaints by mod_perl 1; } # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------ # make mod_perlhappy initialize_globals(); # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not # available then require() the Config library unless ($OS) { unless ($OS = $^O) { require Config; $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'}; } } if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) { $OS = 'WINDOWS'; } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) { $OS = 'VMS'; } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) { $OS = 'DOS'; } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) { $OS = 'MACINTOSH'; } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) { $OS = 'OS2'; } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) { $OS = 'EPOC'; } else { $OS = 'UNIX'; } # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin)/; # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails. $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass; # This is where to look for autoloaded routines. $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass; # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending # on the paltform. $SL = { UNIX=>'/', OS2=>'\\', EPOC=>'/', WINDOWS=>'\\', DOS=>'\\', MACINTOSH=>':', VMS=>'/' }->{$OS}; # This no longer seems to be necessary # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server! # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/; $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/; # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl if (exists $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} && ($MOD_PERL = $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-Perl\//)) { $| = 1; require Apache; } # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/; # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all # really annoying. $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011"; if ($OS eq 'VMS') { $CRLF = "\n"; } elsif ($EBCDIC) { $CRLF= "\r\n"; } else { $CRLF = "\015\012"; } if ($needs_binmode) { $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDOUT); $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDIN); $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDERR); } %EXPORT_TAGS = ( ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/], ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big/], ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q thead tbody tfoot/], ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/], ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/], ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated url self_url script_name cookie Dump raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/], ':ssl' => [qw/https/], ':imagemap' => [qw/Area Map/], ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/], ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/], ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/], ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/], ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/] ); # to import symbols into caller sub import { my $self = shift; # This causes modules to clash. undef %EXPORT_OK; undef %EXPORT; $self->_setup_symbols(@_); my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller; # To allow overriding, search through the packages # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined. my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"}); foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) { my $pck; my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass; foreach $pck (@packages) { if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) { $def = $pck; last; } } *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"}; } } sub compile { my $pack = shift; $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_); } sub expand_tags { my($tag) = @_; return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/; my(@r); return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}; foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) { push(@r,&expand_tags($_)); } return @r; } #### Method: new # The new routine. This will check the current environment # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so. #### sub new { my($class,$initializer) = @_; my $self = {}; bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass; if ($MOD_PERL && defined Apache->request) { Apache->request->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals); undef $NPH; } $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX; $self->init($initializer); return $self; } # We provide a DESTROY method so that the autoloader # doesn't bother trying to find it. sub DESTROY { } #### Method: param # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter. # If invoked in a list context, returns the # entire list. Otherwise returns the first # member of the list. # If name is not provided, return a list of all # the known parameters names available. # If more than one argument is provided, the # second and subsequent arguments are used to # set the value of the parameter. #### sub param { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->all_parameters unless @p; my($name,$value,@other); # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style, # we have to special case for a single parameter present. if (@p > 1) { ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p); my(@values); if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') { @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : (); } else { foreach ($value,@other) { push(@values,$_) if defined($_); } } # If values is provided, then we set it. if (@values) { $self->add_parameter($name); $self->{$name}=[@values]; } } else { $name = $p[0]; } return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name}; return wantarray ? @{$self->{$name}} : $self->{$name}->[0]; } sub self_or_default { return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI'); unless (defined($_[0]) && (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case ) { $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q); unshift(@_,$Q); } return wantarray ? @_ : $Q; } sub self_or_CGI { local $^W=0; # prevent a warning if (defined($_[0]) && (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) { return @_; } else { return ($DefaultClass,@_); } } ######################################## # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE # PUBLIC METHODS ######################################## # Initialize the query object from the environment. # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys # and the values are stored as lists # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'. sub init { my($self,$initializer) = @_; my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','',''); local($/) = "\n"; # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone # if it was read from STDIN originally.) if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) { foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) { $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$QUERY_PARAM{$_}); } $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET); $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES}; return; } $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'}); $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0; $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer; # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1'); METHOD: { # avoid unreasonably large postings if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) { $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large"); last METHOD; } # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is # not defined. if ($meth eq 'POST' && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}) && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data| && !defined($initializer) ) { my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/; $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length); last METHOD; } # If initializer is defined, then read parameters # from it. if (defined($initializer)) { if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) { $query_string = $initializer->query_string; last METHOD; } if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') { foreach (keys %$initializer) { $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_}); } last METHOD; } if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) { while (<$fh>) { chomp; last if /^=/; push(@lines,$_); } # massage back into standard format if ("@lines" =~ /=/) { $query_string=join("&",@lines); } else { $query_string=join("+",@lines); } last METHOD; } # last chance -- treat it as a string $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR'; $query_string = $initializer; last METHOD; } # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from # the environment. if ($meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) { if ($MOD_PERL) { $query_string = Apache->request->args; } else { $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'}; $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'}; } last METHOD; } if ($meth eq 'POST') { $self->read_from_client(\*STDIN,\$query_string,$content_length,0) if $content_length > 0; # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too! # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string # APPENDED to the POST data. # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'}; last METHOD; } # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline. # Check the command line and then the standard input for data. # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that # UN*X programmers expect. $query_string = read_from_cmdline() if $DEBUG; } # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists. if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) { if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) { $self->parse_params($query_string); } else { $self->add_parameter('keywords'); $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)]; } } # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named # .defaults. if ($self->param('.defaults')) { undef %{$self}; } # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {}; foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) { $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++; } # Clear out our default submission button flag if present $self->delete('.submit'); $self->delete('.cgifields'); $self->save_request unless $initializer; } # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE: # Turn a string into a filehandle sub to_filehandle { my $thingy = shift; return undef unless $thingy; return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB'); return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle'); if (!ref($thingy)) { my $caller = 1; while (my $package = caller($caller++)) { my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy"; return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp)); } } return undef; } # send output to the browser sub put { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); $self->print(@p); } # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl) sub print { shift; CORE::print(@_); } # get/set last cgi_error sub cgi_error { my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_); $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err; return $self->{'.cgi_error'}; } sub save_request { my($self) = @_; # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows # us to have several of these objects. @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) { next unless defined $_; $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_}; } $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset; %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}; } sub parse_params { my($self,$tosplit) = @_; my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit); my($param,$value); foreach (@pairs) { ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2); next unless defined $param; next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value; $value = '' unless defined $value; $param = unescape($param); $value = unescape($value); $self->add_parameter($param); push (@{$self->{$param}},$value); } } sub add_parameter { my($self,$param)=@_; return unless defined $param; push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param) unless defined($self->{$param}); } sub all_parameters { my $self = shift; return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'}; return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}}; return @{$self->{'.parameters'}}; } # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS) sub binmode { CORE::binmode($_[1]); } sub _make_tag_func { my ($self,$tagname) = @_; my $func = qq( sub $tagname { shift if \$_[0] && (ref(\$_[0]) && (substr(ref(\$_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa(\$_[0],'CGI'))); my(\$attr) = ''; if (ref(\$_[0]) && ref(\$_[0]) eq 'HASH') { my(\@attr) = make_attributes(shift()||undef,1); \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr; } ); if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) { $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !; } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) { $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !; } else { $func .= qq# return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@_; my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L\E"); my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" } (ref(\$_[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$_[0]} : "\@_"; return "\@result"; }#; } return $func; } sub AUTOLOAD { print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG; my $func = &_compile; goto &$func; } sub _compile { my($func) = $AUTOLOAD; my($pack,$func_name); { local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem. $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/; ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2); $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"}); my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"}; unless (%$sub) { my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"}; eval "package $pack; $$auto"; croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@; $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!) } my($code) = $sub->{$func_name}; $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY'); if (!$code) { (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i; if ($EXPORT{':any'} || $EXPORT{'-any'} || $EXPORT{$base} || (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html'))) && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) { $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name); } } croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code; eval "package $pack; $code"; if ($@) { $@ =~ s/ at .*\n//; croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@"); } } CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage return "$pack\:\:$func_name"; } sub _selected { my $self = shift; my $value = shift; return '' unless $value; return $XHTML ? qq( selected="selected") : qq( selected); } sub _checked { my $self = shift; my $value = shift; return '' unless $value; return $XHTML ? qq( checked="checked") : qq( checked); } sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); } sub _setup_symbols { my $self = shift; my $compile = 0; # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables undef %EXPORT; foreach (@_) { $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/; $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/; $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/; $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/; $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/; $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/; $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/; $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/; $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/; $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/; $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/; $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/; $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/; # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day. if (/^[-]autoload$/) { my($pkg) = caller(1); *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub { my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD; $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/; &$routine; }; next; } foreach (&expand_tags($_)) { tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names $EXPORT{$_}++; } } _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile; } sub charset { my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_); $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset; $self->{'.charset'}; } ############################################################################### ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND #################### ############################################################################### $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD'; %SUBS = ( 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; } END_OF_FUNC 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; } END_OF_FUNC 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; } END_OF_FUNC 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', # Create a new multipart buffer sub new_MultipartBuffer { my($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_; return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle); } END_OF_FUNC 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', # Read data from a file handle sub read_from_client { my($self, $fh, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_; local $^W=0; # prevent a warning return undef unless defined($fh); return read($fh, $$buff, $len, $offset); } END_OF_FUNC 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', #### Method: delete # Deletes the named parameter entirely. #### sub delete { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p); CORE::delete $self->{$name}; CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name}; @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep($_ ne $name,$self->param()); return wantarray ? () : undef; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: import_names # Import all parameters into the given namespace. # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified #### 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub import_names { my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_); $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace); die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::; if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) { # can anyone find an easier way to do this? foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) { local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}"; undef $symbol; undef @symbol; undef %symbol; } } my($param,@value,$var); foreach $param ($self->param) { # protect against silly names ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c; $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/; local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var"; @value = $self->param($param); @symbol = @value; $symbol = $value[0]; } } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: keywords # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context # returns the list of keywords. # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list. #### 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub keywords { my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_); # If values is provided, then we set it. $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values; my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : (); @result; } END_OF_FUNC # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub Vars { my $q = shift; my %in; tie(%in,CGI,$q); return %in if wantarray; return \%in; } END_OF_FUNC # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub ReadParse { local(*in); if (@_) { *in = $_[0]; } else { my $pkg = caller(); *in=*{"${pkg}::in"}; } tie(%in,CGI); return scalar(keys %in); } END_OF_FUNC 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub PrintHeader { my($self) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->header(); } END_OF_FUNC 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub HtmlTop { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->start_html(@p); } END_OF_FUNC 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub HtmlBot { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->end_html(@p); } END_OF_FUNC 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub SplitParam { my ($param) = @_; my (@params) = split ("\0", $param); return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]); } END_OF_FUNC 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub MethGet { return request_method() eq 'GET'; } END_OF_FUNC 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub MethPost { return request_method() eq 'POST'; } END_OF_FUNC 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub TIEHASH { return $_[1] if defined $_[1]; return $Q ||= new shift; } END_OF_FUNC 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub STORE { my $self = shift; my $tag = shift; my $vals = shift; my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals; $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals); } END_OF_FUNC 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub FETCH { return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI'; return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]); return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1])); } END_OF_FUNC 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub FIRSTKEY { $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0; $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++]; } END_OF_FUNC 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub NEXTKEY { $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++]; } END_OF_FUNC 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub EXISTS { exists $_[0]->{$_[1]}; } END_OF_FUNC 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub DELETE { $_[0]->delete($_[1]); } END_OF_FUNC 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub CLEAR { %{$_[0]}=(); } #### END_OF_FUNC #### # Append a new value to an existing query #### 'append' => <<'EOF', sub append { my($self,@p) = @_; my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p); my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : (); if (@values) { $self->add_parameter($name); push(@{$self->{$name}},@values); } return $self->param($name); } EOF #### Method: delete_all # Delete all parameters #### 'delete_all' => <<'EOF', sub delete_all { my($self) = self_or_default(@_); undef %{$self}; } EOF 'Delete' => <<'EOF', sub Delete { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); $self->delete(@p); } EOF 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF', sub Delete_all { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); $self->delete_all(@p); } EOF #### Method: autoescape # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features, # call this method with undef as the argument 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub autoEscape { my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_); $self->{'dontescape'}=!$escape; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: version # Return the current version #### 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub version { return $VERSION; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: url_param # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of # whether this was a POST or a GET #### 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub url_param { my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my $name = shift(@p); return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING}); unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) { $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) { my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING}); my($param,$value); foreach (@pairs) { ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2); $param = unescape($param); $value = unescape($value); push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value); } } else { $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})]; } } return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name); return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}; return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}} : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0]; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: Dump # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes # of debugging. #### 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub Dump { my($self) = self_or_default(@_); my($param,$value,@result); return '' unless $self->param; push(@result,""); return join("\n",@result); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method as_string # # synonym for "dump" #### 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub as_string { &Dump(@_); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: save # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method #### 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub save { my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_); $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle); my($param); local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value foreach $param ($self->param) { my($escaped_param) = escape($param); my($value); foreach $value ($self->param($param)) { print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n"; } } foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) { print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n"; } print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: save_parameters # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation. # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface. #### 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub save_parameters { my $fh = shift; return save(to_filehandle($fh)); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: restore_parameters # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer. # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface. #### 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub restore_parameters { $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: multipart_init # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1 # # Many thanks to Ed Jordan for this # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com) #### 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub multipart_init { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p); $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0'; $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF"; $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF"; $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary); return $self->header( -nph => 1, -type => $type, (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other), ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: multipart_start # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section # # Many thanks to Ed Jordan for this # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com) #### 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub multipart_start { my(@header); my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p); $type = $type || 'text/html'; push(@header,"Content-Type: $type"); # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we # need to fix it up a little. foreach (@other) { next unless my($header,$value) = /([^\s=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/; ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e; } push(@header,@other); my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}"; return $header; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: multipart_end # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section # # Many thanks to Ed Jordan for this # contribution #### 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub multipart_end { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->{'separator'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: multipart_final # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections # # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com) #### 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub multipart_final { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: header # Return a Content-Type: style header # #### 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub header { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my(@header); return undef if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE; my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,@other) = rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'], 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET', 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET', 'ATTACHMENT'],@p); $nph ||= $NPH; if (defined $charset) { $self->charset($charset); } else { $charset = $self->charset; } # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we # need to fix it up a little. foreach (@other) { next unless my($header,$value) = /([^\s=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/; ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e; $header = ucfirst($header); } $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type); $type .= "; charset=$charset" if $type ne '' and $type =~ m!^text/! and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/; # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not. my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0'; push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph; push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph; push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status; push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target; # push all the cookies -- there may be several if ($cookie) { my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie; foreach (@cookie) { my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_; push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne ''; } } # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is # uses OUR clock) push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http')) if $expires; push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph; push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache(); push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment; push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other); push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne ''; my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}"; if ($MOD_PERL and not $nph) { my $r = Apache->request; $r->send_cgi_header($header); return ''; } return $header; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: cache # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache # Pragma directive. #### 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub cache { my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_); $new_value = '' unless $new_value; if ($new_value ne '') { $self->{'cache'} = $new_value; } return $self->{'cache'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: redirect # Return a Location: style header # #### 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub redirect { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($url,$target,$cookie,$nph,@other) = rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,COOKIE,NPH],@p); $url ||= $self->self_url; my(@o); foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); } unshift(@o, '-Status'=>'302 Moved', '-Location'=>$url, '-nph'=>$nph); unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target; unshift(@o,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie; unshift(@o,'-Type'=>''); return $self->header(@o); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: start_html # Canned HTML header # # Parameters: # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title) # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author) # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document # for resolving relative references (-base) # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase) # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target) # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script) # $no_script -> (option) Javascript END ; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; push(@result,""); return join("\n",@result); } END_OF_FUNC ### Method: _style # internal method for generating a CSS style section #### '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub _style { my ($self,$style) = @_; my (@result); my $type = 'text/css'; my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n\n" : " -->\n"; if (ref($style)) { my($src,$code,$stype,@other) = rearrange([SRC,CODE,TYPE], '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : %$style); $type = $stype if $stype; if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one. foreach $src (@$src) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq() : qq()) if $src; } } else { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists. push(@result,$XHTML ? qq() : qq() ) if $src; } push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$code\n$cdata_end")) if $code; } else { push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$style\n$cdata_end")); } @result; } END_OF_FUNC '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub _script { my ($self,$script) = @_; my (@result); my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script); foreach $script (@scripts) { my($src,$code,$language); if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash ($src,$code,$language, $type) = rearrange([SRC,CODE,LANGUAGE,TYPE], '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script); # User may not have specified language $language ||= 'JavaScript'; unless (defined $type) { $type = lc $language; # strip '1.2' from 'javascript1.2' $type =~ s/^(\D+).*$/text\/$1/; } } else { ($src,$code,$language, $type) = ('',$script,'JavaScript', 'text/javascript'); } my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i; $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i; my $cdata_start = "\n\n"; my(@satts); push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src; push(@satts,'language'=>$language); push(@satts,'type'=>$type); $code = "$cdata_start$code$cdata_end" if defined $code; push(@result,script({@satts},$code || '')); } @result; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: end_html # End an HTML document. # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "" #### 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub end_html { return ""; } END_OF_FUNC ################################ # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS ################################ #### Method: isindex # Just prints out the isindex tag. # Parameters: # $action -> optional URL of script to run # Returns: # A string containing a tag 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub isindex { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p); $action = qq/action="$action"/ if $action; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; return $XHTML ? "" : ""; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: startform # Start a form # Parameters: # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST) # $action -> optional URL of script to run # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART) 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub startform { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) = rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p); $method = lc($method) || 'post'; $enctype = $enctype || &URL_ENCODED; unless (defined $action) { $action = $self->url(-absolute=>1,-path=>1); $action .= "?$ENV{QUERY_STRING}" if $ENV{QUERY_STRING}; } $action = qq(action="$action"); my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={}; return qq/
\n/; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: start_form # synonym for startform 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub start_form { &startform; } END_OF_FUNC 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub end_multipart_form { &endform; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: start_multipart_form # synonym for startform 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub start_multipart_form { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); if (defined($param[0]) && substr($param[0],0,1) eq '-') { my(%p) = @p; $p{'-enctype'}=&MULTIPART; return $self->startform(%p); } else { my($method,$action,@other) = rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p); return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other); } } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: endform # End a form 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub endform { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); if ( $NOSTICKY ) { return wantarray ? ("
") : "\n"; } else { return wantarray ? ($self->get_fields,"") : $self->get_fields ."\n"; } } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: end_form # synonym for endform 'end_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub end_form { &endform; } END_OF_FUNC '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub _textfield { my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p); my $current = $override ? $default : (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default); $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : ''; $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : ''; my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : ''; my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : ''; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : ''; return $XHTML ? qq() : qq(); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: textfield # Parameters: # $name -> Name of the text field # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not # already defined. # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters. # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters. # Returns: # A string containing a field # 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub textfield { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); $self->_textfield('text',@p); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: filefield # Parameters: # $name -> Name of the file upload field # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters. # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters. # Returns: # A string containing a field # 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub filefield { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); $self->_textfield('file',@p); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: password # Create a "secret password" entry field # Parameters: # $name -> Name of the field # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not # already defined. # $size -> Optional width of field in characters. # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered. # Returns: # A string containing a field # 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub password_field { my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); $self->_textfield('password',@p); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: textarea # Parameters: # $name -> Name of the text field # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not # already defined. # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area # Returns: # A string containing a tag # 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub textarea { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p); my($current)= $override ? $default : (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default); $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : ''; $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : ''; my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : ''; my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : ''; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; return qq{}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: button # Create a javascript button. # Parameters: # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name) # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value) # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is # clicked. # Returns: # A string containing a tag #### 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub button { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($label,$value,$script,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL], [ONCLICK,SCRIPT]],@p); $label=$self->escapeHTML($label); $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1); $script=$self->escapeHTML($script); my($name) = ''; $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label; $value = $value || $label; my($val) = ''; $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value; $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; return $XHTML ? qq() : qq(); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: submit # Create a "submit query" button. # Parameters: # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label). # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value). # Returns: # A string containing a tag #### 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub submit { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($label,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL]],@p); $label=$self->escapeHTML($label); $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1); my($name) = ' name=".submit"' unless $NOSTICKY; $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label); $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label; my($val) = ''; $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value); my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; return $XHTML ? qq() : qq(); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: reset # Create a "reset" button. # Parameters: # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. # Returns: # A string containing a tag #### 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub reset { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($label,@other) = rearrange([NAME],@p); $label=$self->escapeHTML($label); my($value) = defined($label) ? qq/ value="$label"/ : ''; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; return $XHTML ? qq() : qq(); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: defaults # Create a "defaults" button. # Parameters: # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. # Returns: # A string containing a tag # # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script, # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults # are used again! #### 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub defaults { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($label,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE]],@p); $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1); $label = $label || "Defaults"; my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; return $XHTML ? qq() : qq//; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: comment # Create an HTML # Parameters: a string 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub comment { my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_); return ""; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: checkbox # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others. # The field value is "on" when the button is checked. # Parameters: # $name -> Name of the checkbox # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box. # Otherwise the checkbox name is used. # Returns: # A string containing a field #### 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub checkbox { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$override,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p); $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on'; if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} || defined $self->param($name))) { $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : ''; } else { $checked = $self->_checked($checked); } my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name; $name = $self->escapeHTML($name); $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1); $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label); my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; $self->register_parameter($name); return $XHTML ? qq{$the_label} : qq{$the_label}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: checkbox_group # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes. # Parameters: # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the # values for each checkbox in the group. # $defaults -> (optional) # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values, # then this will be used to decide which # checkboxes to turn on by default. # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on. # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks # between the buttons. # $labels -> (optional) # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label". # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels. # Returns: # An ARRAY containing a series of fields #### 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub checkbox_group { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$rows,$columns, $rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT], LINEBREAK,LABELS,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS], ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS, [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p); my($checked,$break,$result,$label); my(%checked) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override); if ($linebreak) { $break = $XHTML ? "
" : "
"; } else { $break = ''; } $name=$self->escapeHTML($name); # Create the elements my(@elements,@values); @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name); my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; foreach (@values) { $checked = $self->_checked($checked{$_}); $label = ''; unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) { $label = $_; $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_}); $label = $self->escapeHTML($label); } $_ = $self->escapeHTML($_,1); push(@elements,$XHTML ? qq(${label}${break}) : qq/${label}${break}/); } $self->register_parameter($name); return wantarray ? @elements : join(' ',@elements) unless defined($columns) || defined($rows); return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements); } END_OF_FUNC # Escape HTML -- used internally 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub escapeHTML { # hack to work around earlier hacks push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI'; my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_); return undef unless defined($toencode); return $toencode if ref($self) && $self->{'dontescape'}; $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso; $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso; $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso; $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso; my $latin = uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' || uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252'; if ($latin) { # bug in some browsers $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso; $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso; $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso; if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) { $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso; $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso; } } return $toencode; } END_OF_FUNC # unescape HTML -- used internally 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub unescapeHTML { my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_); return undef unless defined($string); my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i : 1; # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{ local $_ = $1; /^amp$/i ? "&" : /^quot$/i ? '"' : /^gt$/i ? ">" : /^lt$/i ? "<" : /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) : /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) : $_ }gex; return $string; } END_OF_FUNC # Internal procedure - don't use '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub _tableize { my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_; $rowheaders = [] unless defined $rowheaders; $colheaders = [] unless defined $colheaders; my($result); if (defined($columns)) { $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows); } if (defined($rows)) { $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns); } # rearrange into a pretty table $result = ""; my($row,$column); unshift(@$colheaders,'') if @$colheaders && @$rowheaders; $result .= "" if @{$colheaders}; foreach (@{$colheaders}) { $result .= ""; } for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) { $result .= ""; $result .= "" if @$rowheaders; for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) { $result .= "" if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]); } $result .= ""; } $result .= "
$_
$rowheaders->[$row]" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "
"; return $result; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: radio_group # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons. # Parameters: # $name -> Common name for all the buttons. # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the # values for each button in the group. # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-' # to turn _nothing_ on. # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks # between the buttons. # $labels -> (optional) # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label". # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels. # Returns: # An ARRAY containing a series of fields #### 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub radio_group { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$values,$default,$linebreak,$labels, $rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],DEFAULT,LINEBREAK,LABELS, ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS], ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS, [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p); my($result,$checked); if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) { $checked = $self->param($name); } else { $checked = $default; } my(@elements,@values); @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name); # If no check array is specified, check the first by default $checked = $values[0] unless defined($checked) && $checked ne ''; $name=$self->escapeHTML($name); my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; foreach (@values) { my($checkit) = $checked eq $_ ? qq/ checked="checked"/ : ''; my($break); if ($linebreak) { $break = $XHTML ? "
" : "
"; } else { $break = ''; } my($label)=''; unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) { $label = $_; $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_}); $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1); } $_=$self->escapeHTML($_); push(@elements,$XHTML ? qq(${label}${break}) : qq/${label}${break}/); } $self->register_parameter($name); return wantarray ? @elements : join(' ',@elements) unless defined($columns) || defined($rows); return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: popup_menu # Create a popup menu. # Parameters: # $name -> Name for all the menu # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the # text of each menu item. # $default -> (optional) Default item to display # $labels -> (optional) # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label". # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels. # Returns: # A string containing the definition of a popup menu. #### 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub popup_menu { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$override,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p); my($result,$selected); if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) { $selected = $self->param($name); } else { $selected = $default; } $name=$self->escapeHTML($name); my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; my(@values); @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name); $result = qq/"; return $result; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: scrolling_list # Create a scrolling list. # Parameters: # $name -> name for the list # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the # values for each option line in the list. # $defaults -> (optional) # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options, # then this will be used to decide which # lines to turn on by default. # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on. # $size -> (optional) Size of the list. # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections. # $labels -> (optional) # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label". # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels. # Returns: # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list. #### 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub scrolling_list { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$override,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT], SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p); my($result,@values); @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name); $size = $size || scalar(@values); my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override); my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : ''; my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: ''; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; $name=$self->escapeHTML($name); $result = qq/"; $self->register_parameter($name); return $result; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: hidden # Parameters: # $name -> Name of the hidden field # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array) # or # $default->[initial values of field] # Returns: # A string containing a #### 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub hidden { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); # this is the one place where we departed from our standard # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn) my(@result,@value); my($name,$default,$override,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p); my $do_override = 0; if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') { @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default; $do_override = $override; } else { foreach ($default,$override,@other) { push(@value,$_) if defined($_); } } # use previous values if override is not set my @prev = $self->param($name); @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev; $name=$self->escapeHTML($name); foreach (@value) { $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : ''; push @result,$XHTML ? qq() : qq(); } return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: image_button # Parameters: # $name -> Name of the button # $src -> URL of the image source # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE) # Returns: # A string containing a #### 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub image_button { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) = rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p); my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\U\"$alignment\"" : ''; my($other) = @other ? " @other" : ''; $name=$self->escapeHTML($name); return $XHTML ? qq() : qq//; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: self_url # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the # script with all its state information preserved. #### 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub self_url { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p); } END_OF_FUNC # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already! 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub state { &self_url; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: url # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of # the URL. #### 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub url { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base) = rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE'],@p); my $url; $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute); my $path = $self->path_info; my $script_name = $self->script_name; # for compatibility with Apache's MultiViews if (exists($ENV{REQUEST_URI})) { my $index; $script_name = $ENV{REQUEST_URI}; $script_name =~ s/\?.+$//; # strip query string # and path if (exists($ENV{PATH_INFO})) { (my $encoded_path = $ENV{PATH_INFO}) =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg; $script_name =~ s/$encoded_path$//i; } } if ($full) { my $protocol = $self->protocol(); $url = "$protocol://"; my $vh = http('host'); if ($vh) { $url .= $vh; } else { $url .= server_name(); my $port = $self->server_port; $url .= ":" . $port unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80) || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443); } return $url if $base; $url .= $script_name; } elsif ($relative) { ($url) = $script_name =~ m!([^/]+)$!; } elsif ($absolute) { $url = $script_name; } $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path; $url .= "?" . $self->query_string if $query and $self->query_string; $url = '' unless defined $url; $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg; return $url; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: cookie # Set or read a cookie from the specified name. # Cookie can then be passed to header(). # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value. # Parameters: # -name -> name for this cookie (optional) # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash) # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional) # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional) # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional) # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional) #### 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub cookie { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES],@p); require CGI::Cookie; # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed # cookies in our state variables. unless ( defined($value) ) { $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch unless $self->{'.cookies'}; # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies. return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}; return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name; return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}; return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne ''; } # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error my @param; push(@param,'-name'=>$name); push(@param,'-value'=>$value); push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain; push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path; push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires; push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure; return new CGI::Cookie(@param); } END_OF_FUNC 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub parse_keywordlist { my($self,$tosplit) = @_; $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit); return @keywords; } END_OF_FUNC 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub param_fetch { my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_); my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p); unless (exists($self->{$name})) { $self->add_parameter($name); $self->{$name} = []; } return $self->{$name}; } END_OF_FUNC ############################################### # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT ############################################### #### Method: path_info # Return the extra virtual path information provided # after the URL (if any) #### 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub path_info { my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_); if (defined($info)) { $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/'; $self->{'.path_info'} = $info; } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) { $self->{'.path_info'} = defined($ENV{'PATH_INFO'}) ? $ENV{'PATH_INFO'} : ''; # hack to fix broken path info in IIS $self->{'.path_info'} =~ s/^\Q$ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'}\E// if $IIS; } return $self->{'.path_info'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: request_method # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD' #### 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub request_method { return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: content_type # Returns the content_type string #### 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub content_type { return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: path_translated # Return the physical path information provided # by the URL (if any) #### 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub path_translated { return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: query_string # Synthesize a query string from our current # parameters #### 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub query_string { my($self) = self_or_default(@_); my($param,$value,@pairs); foreach $param ($self->param) { my($eparam) = escape($param); foreach $value ($self->param($param)) { $value = escape($value); next unless defined $value; push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value"); } } foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) { push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_")); } return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: accept # Without parameters, returns an array of the # MIME types the browser accepts. # With a single parameter equal to a MIME # type, will return undef if the browser won't # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser # declares a quantitative score for it. # This handles MIME type globs correctly. #### 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub Accept { my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_); my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat); my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept')); foreach (@accept) { ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/; ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#; next unless $type; $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1; } return keys %prefs unless $search; # if a search type is provided, we may need to # perform a pattern matching operation. # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which # is easily translated into a perl pattern match # First return the preference for directly supported # types: return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search}; # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching. foreach (keys %prefs) { next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/; } } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: user_agent # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent. # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case # insensitive) on the user agent. #### 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub user_agent { my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_); return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match; return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: raw_cookie # Returns the magic cookies for the session. # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e. # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie # is returned. #### 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub raw_cookie { my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_); require CGI::Cookie; if (defined($key)) { $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}; return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}; return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key}; return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key}; } return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || ''; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: virtual_host # Return the name of the virtual_host, which # is not always the same as the server ###### 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub virtual_host { my $vh = http('host') || server_name(); $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number return $vh; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: remote_host # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging # purposes. #### 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub remote_host { return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || 'localhost'; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: remote_addr # Return the IP addr of the remote host. #### 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub remote_addr { return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1'; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: script_name # Return the partial URL to this script for # self-referencing scripts. Also see # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information # preserved. #### 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub script_name { return $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'} if defined($ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'}); # These are for debugging return "/$0" unless $0=~/^\//; return $0; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: referer # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating # a GO BACK button. #### 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub referer { my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_); return $self->http('referer'); } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: server_name # Return the name of the server #### 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub server_name { return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost'; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: server_software # Return the name of the server software #### 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub server_software { return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline'; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: server_port # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on #### 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub server_port { return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: server_protocol # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0) #### 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub server_protocol { return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: http # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or # the list of variables if none provided #### 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub http { my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_); return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/; $parameter =~ tr/-/_/; return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter; my(@p); foreach (keys %ENV) { push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/; } return @p; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: https # Return the value of HTTPS #### 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub https { local($^W)=0; my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_); return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter; return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/; $parameter =~ tr/-/_/; return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter; my(@p); foreach (keys %ENV) { push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/; } return @p; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: protocol # Return the protocol (http or https currently) #### 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub protocol { local($^W)=0; my $self = shift; return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON'; return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443; my $prot = $self->server_protocol; my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot); return "\L$protocol\E"; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: remote_ident # Return the identity of the remote user # (but only if his host is running identd) #### 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub remote_ident { return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: auth_type # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any. #### 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub auth_type { return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: remote_user # Return the authorization name used for user # verification. #### 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub remote_user { return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: user_name # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by # crook #### 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub user_name { my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_); return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'}; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: nosticky # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag #### 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub nosticky { my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_); $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param); return $CGI::NOSTICKY; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: nph # Set or return the NPH global flag #### 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub nph { my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_); $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param); return $CGI::NPH; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: private_tempfiles # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag #### 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub private_tempfiles { my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_); $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param); return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES; } END_OF_FUNC #### Method: default_dtd # Set or return the default_dtd global #### 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub default_dtd { my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_); if (defined $param2 && defined $param) { $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ]; } elsif (defined $param) { $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param; } return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD; } END_OF_FUNC # -------------- really private subroutines ----------------- 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub previous_or_default { my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_; my(%selected); if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} || defined($self->param($name)) ) ) { grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name)); } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) && (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) { grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults}); } else { $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults); } return %selected; } END_OF_FUNC 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub register_parameter { my($self,$param) = @_; $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++; } END_OF_FUNC 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub get_fields { my($self) = @_; return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields', '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}], '-override'=>1); } END_OF_FUNC 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub read_from_cmdline { my($input,@words); my($query_string); if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) { @words = @ARGV; } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) { require "shellwords.pl"; print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input)\n"; chomp(@lines = ); # remove newlines $input = join(" ",@lines); @words = &shellwords($input); } foreach (@words) { s/\\=/%3D/g; s/\\&/%26/g; } if ("@words"=~/=/) { $query_string = join('&',@words); } else { $query_string = join('+',@words); } return $query_string; } END_OF_FUNC ##### # subroutine: read_multipart # # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters. # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the # caller can read from it if necessary. ##### 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub read_multipart { my($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_; my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length,$filehandle); return unless $buffer; my(%header,$body); my $filenumber = 0; while (!$buffer->eof) { %header = $buffer->readHeader; unless (%header) { $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)"); return; } my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="?([^\";]*)"?/; # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!! my($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename="?([^\"]*)"?/; # add this parameter to our list $self->add_parameter($param); # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it # to our parameter list. if ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) { my($value) = $buffer->readBody; push(@{$self->{$param}},$value); next; } my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle); UPLOADS: { # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open # the file for reading. # skip the file if uploads disabled if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) { while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { } last UPLOADS; } # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,values %ENV)); for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) { next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno); $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string; last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES)); $seqno += int rand(100); } die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle; $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode; my ($data); local($\) = ''; while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { print $filehandle $data; } # back up to beginning of file seek($filehandle,0,0); $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode; # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get # at it later. $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filehandle)}= { name => $tmpfile, info => {%header}, }; push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle); } } } END_OF_FUNC 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC', sub upload { my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_); my @param = grep(ref && fileno($_), $self->param($param_name)); return unless @param; return wantarray ? @param : $param[0]; } END_OF_FUNC 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub tmpFileName { my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name} ? $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name}->as_string : ''; } END_OF_FUNC 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub uploadInfo { my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_); return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{info}; } END_OF_FUNC # internal routine, don't use '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub _set_values_and_labels { my $self = shift; my ($v,$l,$n) = @_; $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l); return $self->param($n) if !defined($v); return $v if !ref($v); return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v; } END_OF_FUNC '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub _compile_all { foreach (@_) { next if defined(&$_); $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_"; _compile(); } } END_OF_FUNC ); END_OF_AUTOLOAD ; ######################################################### # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use. ######################################################### ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ############### package Fh; use overload '""' => \&asString, 'cmp' => \&compare, 'fallback'=>1; $FH='fh00000'; *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD; $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD'; %SUBS = ( 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub asString { my $self = shift; # get rid of package name (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//; $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg; return $i; # BEGIN DEAD CODE # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs". # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors. # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However # "strict refs" still works for some reason. # my $self = shift; # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}}; # END DEAD CODE } END_OF_FUNC 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub compare { my $self = shift; my $value = shift; return "$self" cmp $value; } END_OF_FUNC 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub new { my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_; require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR; (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg; my $fv = ++$FH . $safename; my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"}; sysopen($ref,$file,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return; unlink($file) if $delete; CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv}; return bless $ref,$pack; } END_OF_FUNC 'DESTROY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub DESTROY { my $self = shift; close $self; } END_OF_FUNC ); END_OF_AUTOLOAD ######################## MultipartBuffer #################### package MultipartBuffer; # how many bytes to read at a time. We use # a 4K buffer by default. $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4; $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers $CRLF=$CGI::CRLF; #reuse the autoload function *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD; # avoid autoloader warnings sub DESTROY {} ############################################################################### ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND #################### ############################################################################### $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD'; %SUBS = ( 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub new { my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_; $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT; my $IN; if ($filehandle) { my($package) = caller; # force into caller's package if necessary $IN = $filehandle=~/[':]/ ? $filehandle : "$package\:\:$filehandle"; } $IN = "main::STDIN" unless $IN; $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN) if $CGI::needs_binmode; # If the user types garbage into the file upload field, # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good). # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read # by then, we return. # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable # about providing boundary strings. my $boundary_read = 0; if ($boundary) { # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!! $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport'); } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves my($old); ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line $boundary = <$IN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl $length -= length($boundary); chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF $/ = $old; # restore old line separator $boundary_read++; } my $self = {LENGTH=>$length, BOUNDARY=>$boundary, IN=>$IN, INTERFACE=>$interface, BUFFER=>'', }; $FILLUNIT = length($boundary) if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT; my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package; # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF. unless ($boundary_read) { while ($self->read(0)) { } } die "Malformed multipart POST\n" if $self->eof; return $retval; } END_OF_FUNC 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub readHeader { my($self) = @_; my($end); my($ok) = 0; my($bad) = 0; local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS'; do { $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT); $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0; $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq ''; $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0; # this was a bad idea # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT; } until $ok || $bad; return () if $bad; my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2); substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = ''; my %return; # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments) # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings). my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]'; $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) { my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2); # avoid taintedness $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize $return{$field_name}=$field_value; } return %return; } END_OF_FUNC # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value. 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub readBody { my($self) = @_; my($data); my($returnval)=''; while (defined($data = $self->read)) { $returnval .= $data; } return $returnval; } END_OF_FUNC # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will # skip over the boundary and begin reading again; 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub read { my($self,$bytes) = @_; # default number of bytes to read $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT; # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary # is never split between reads. $self->fillBuffer($bytes); # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there). my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$self->{BOUNDARY}); # protect against malformed multipart POST operations die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless ($start >= 0) || ($self->{LENGTH} > 0); # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it # and return undef. if ($start == 0) { # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary. if (index($self->{BUFFER},"$self->{BOUNDARY}--")==0) { $self->{BUFFER}=''; $self->{LENGTH}=0; return undef; } # just remove the boundary. substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($self->{BOUNDARY}))=''; $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//; return undef; } my $bytesToReturn; if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary $bytesToReturn = $start > $bytes ? $bytes : $start; } else { # read the requested number of bytes # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding # this one. $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($self->{BOUNDARY})+1); } my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn); substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)=''; # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end. return (($start > 0) && ($start <= $bytes)) ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval; } END_OF_FUNC # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the # boundary is never split between reads 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub fillBuffer { my($self,$bytes) = @_; return unless $self->{LENGTH}; my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY}); my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER}); my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2; $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead; # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up. my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client($self->{IN}, \$self->{BUFFER}, $bytesToRead, $bufferLength); $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER}; # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read() # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads. if ($bytesRead == 0) { die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n" if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX); } else { $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0; } $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead; } END_OF_FUNC # Return true when we've finished reading 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC' sub eof { my($self) = @_; return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0) && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0); undef; } END_OF_FUNC ); END_OF_AUTOLOAD #################################################################################### ################################## TEMPORARY FILES ################################# #################################################################################### package CGITempFile; $SL = $CGI::SL; $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH'; my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : ""; unless ($TMPDIRECTORY) { @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp", "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp", "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items", "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH", "C:${SL}system${SL}temp"); unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if exists $ENV{'TMPDIR'}; # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but # it is problematic. # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX'; # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port. # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX. # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0; foreach (@TEMP) { do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _; } } $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY; $MAXTRIES = 5000; # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string'); *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD; sub DESTROY { my($self) = @_; unlink $$self; # get rid of the file } ############################################################################### ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND #################### ############################################################################### $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD'; %SUBS = ( 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC', sub new { my($package,$sequence) = @_; my $filename; for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) { last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++)); } # untaint the darn thing return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ '":/.\$\\-]+)$!; $filename = $1; return bless \$filename; } END_OF_FUNC 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC' sub as_string { my($self) = @_; return $$self; } END_OF_FUNC ); END_OF_AUTOLOAD package CGI; # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables" # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it. if ($^W) { $CGI::CGI = ''; $CGI::CGI=<'words', -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'], -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p, "What's your favorite color? ", popup_menu(-name=>'color', -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p, submit, end_form, hr; if (param()) { print "Your name is",em(param('name')),p, "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p, "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')), hr; } =head1 ABSTRACT This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading style sheets, server push, and frames. CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for those who don't need its object-oriented features. The current version of CGI.pm is available at http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/ =head1 DESCRIPTION =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the script and restore it later. For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create a simple "Hello World" HTML page: #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w use CGI; # load CGI routines $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object print $q->header, # create the HTTP header $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header $q->end_html; # end the HTML In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface. The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't need to create the CGI object. #!/usr/local/bin/perl use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines print header, # create the HTTP header start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML h1('hello world'), # level 1 header end_html; # end the HTML The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style. See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on function-oriented programming in CGI.pm =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named argument calling style that looks like this: print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'); Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes dashes for the subsequent ones. Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this case, the single argument is the document type. print $q->header('text/html'); Other such routines are documented below. Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate. For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below: $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato'); $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']); A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed. These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like this: Code Generated HTML ---- -------------- h1()

h1('some','contents');

some contents

h1({-align=>left});

h1({-align=>left},'contents');

contents

HTML tags are described in more detail later. Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For example: print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} ); If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus, radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you have several choices: =over 4 =item 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example, -value is an alias for -values. =item 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values =item 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values' =back Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP header fields by providing them as named arguments: print $q->header(-type => 'text/html', -cost => 'Three smackers', -annoyance_level => 'high', -complaints_to => 'bit bucket'); This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header: HTTP/1.0 200 OK Cost: Three smackers Annoyance-level: high Complaints-to: bit bucket Content-type: text/html Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of translation. This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and HTML "standards". =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE): $query = new CGI; This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store it into a perl5 object called $query. =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE); If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records can be saved and restored. Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs, which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle: $query = new CGI(\*STDIN); You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File object. If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with B. This will (re)initialize the default CGI object from the indicated file handle. open (IN,"test.in") || die; restore_parameters(IN); close IN; You can also initialize the query object from an associative array reference: $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney', 'song'=>'I love you', 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]} ); or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string: $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple'); or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as autoescaping): $old_query = new CGI; $new_query = new CGI($old_query); To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash: $empty_query = new CGI(""); -or- $empty_query = new CGI({}); =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY: @keywords = $query->keywords If the script was invoked as the result of an search, the parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method. =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT: @names = $query->param If the script was invoked with a parameter list (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked as an script and contains a string without ampersands (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords. NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser. Usually this order is the same as the order in which the parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed). =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER: @values = $query->param('foo'); -or- $value = $query->param('foo'); Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise the method will return a single value. If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty string. This feature is new in 2.63. =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER: $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values'); This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate form elements.) param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described in more detail later: $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']); -or- $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value'); =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER: $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']); This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists. Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only recognizes the named argument calling syntax. =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE: $query->import_names('R'); This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example, $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear. If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'. WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security risk!!!! In older versions, this method was called B. As of version 2.20, this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in Perl module B operator. =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY: $query->delete('foo'); This completely clears a parameter. It sometimes useful for resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script invocations. If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator. =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS: $query->delete_all(); This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form. Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface. =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST: $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane'; unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster'; If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by calling the B method with the name of the . This will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then can manipulate in any way you like. You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument. =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH: $params = $q->Vars; print $params->{'address'}; @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'}); %params = $q->Vars; use CGI ':cgi-lib'; $params = Vars; Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference. Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the contents of the parameter list, but not to change it. When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl module for Perl version 4. If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility). =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE: $query->save(FILEHANDLE) This will write the current state of the form to the provided filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe, or whatever! The format of the saved file is: NAME1=VALUE1 NAME1=VALUE1' NAME2=VALUE2 NAME3=VALUE3 = Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them back in with several calls to B. You can do this across several sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's a short example of creating multiple session records: use CGI; open (OUT,">>test.out") || die; $records = 5; foreach (0..$records) { my $q = new CGI; $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_); $q->save(OUT); } close OUT; # reopen for reading open (IN,"test.out") || die; while (!eof(IN)) { my $q = new CGI(IN); print $q->param('counter'),"\n"; } The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/ for further details. If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO) interface, the exported name for this method is B. =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for the existence and nature of errors using the I function. The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value of the HTTP status: my $error = $q->cgi_error; if ($error) { print $q->header(-status=>$error), $q->start_html('Problems'), $q->h2('Request not processed'), $q->strong($error); exit 0; } When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section), errors may only occur the first time you call I. Be ready for this! =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace. There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it isn't much. use CGI ; The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example shows how to import the B and B methods, and then use them directly: use CGI 'param','header'; print header('text/plain'); $zipcode = param('zipcode'); More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":" character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard). Here is a list of the function sets you can import: =over 4 =item B<:cgi> Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B, B and the like. =item B<:form> Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B. =item B<:html2> Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements. =item B<:html3> Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as , and ). =item B<:html4> Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as , and ). =item B<:netscape> Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions. =item B<:html> Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' + 'netscape')... =item B<:standard> Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'. =item B<:all> Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined. =back If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say Microsoft comes out with a new tag called (which causes the user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm to start using it immediately: use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/; print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'}); Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B use the standard L syntax for specifying load symbols. This may change in the future. If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require one to be present. This includes B, B, B and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts: use CGI qw/:standard/; print header, start_html('Simple Script'), h1('Simple Script'), start_form, "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p, "What's the combination?", checkbox_group(-name=>'words', -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'], -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p, "What's your favorite color?", popup_menu(-name=>'color', -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p, submit, end_form, hr,"\n"; if (param) { print "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p, "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p, "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n"; } print end_html; =head2 PRAGMAS In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen, change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas, function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma -debug): use CGI qw/:standard -debug/; The current list of pragmas is as follows: =over 4 =item -any When you I, then any method that the query object doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows you to support the next I Netscape or Microsoft HTML extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags: use CGI qw(-any); $q=new CGI; print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'}); Since using any causes any mistyped method name to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at all. =item -compile This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front, rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for those destined to be crunched by Malcom Beattie's Perl compiler. Use it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use. use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3); or even use CGI qw(-compile :all); Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the compile() method instead (see below). =item -nosticky This makes CGI.pm not generating the hidden fields .submit and .cgifields. It is very useful if you don't want to have the hidden fields appear in the querystring in a GET method. For example, a search script generated this way will have a very nice url with search parameters for bookmarking. =item -no_undef_params This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list. =item -no_xhtml By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis for this feature. =item -nph This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion of NPH scripts below. =item -newstyle_urls Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with semicolons rather than ampersands. For example: ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls pragma is specified. This became the default in version 2.64. =item -oldstyle_urls Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default. =item -autoload This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation. This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are worried about memory consumption. I when I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode" (functions without the parenthesis). Use I rather than I
, or add something like I to the top of your script. =item -no_debug This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN, then use this pragma: use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard); =item -debug This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input)" features. See the section on debugging for more details. =item -private_tempfiles CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done. However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers. To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts, use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable). The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm: 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only). 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location indicated. 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp, /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT. Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice. =back =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags. For example: print h1('Level 1 Header'); produces

Level 1 Header

There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I and end_I, as in: print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1; With a few exceptions (described below), start_I and end_I functions are not generated automatically when you I. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate I functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I" or "end_I" in the import list. Example: use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/; In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to the standard ones: =over 4 =item 1. start_table() (generates a
tag) =item 2. end_table() (generates a
tag) =item 3. start_ul() (generates a
    tag) =item 4. end_ul() (generates a
tag) =back =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly. Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating GIF images, see the GD.pm module. Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window, append to a string, or save to a file for later use. =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER: Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect, and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view pages. print $query->header; -or- print $query->header('image/gif'); -or- print $query->header('text/html','204 No response'); -or- print $query->header(-type=>'image/gif', -nph=>1, -status=>'402 Payment required', -expires=>'+3d', -cookie=>$cookie, -charset=>'utf-7', -attachment=>'foo.gif', -Cost=>'$2.00'); header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a script that tells the browser to do nothing at all. The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire. Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens: print $query->header(-Content_length=>3002); Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the -expires field: +30s 30 seconds from now +10m ten minutes from now +1h one hour from now -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!") now immediately +3M in three months +10y in ten years time Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script. Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve session cookies. The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct headers to work with an NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH. The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a side effect, this sets the charset() method as well. The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream". =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER print $query->redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land'); Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the time of day or the identity of the user. The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If you use redirection like this, you should B print out a header as well. One hint I can offer is that relative links may not work correctly when you generate a redirection to another document on your site. This is due to a well-intentioned optimization that some servers use. The solution to this is to use the full URL (including the http: part) of the document you are redirecting to. You can also use named arguments: print $query->redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land', -nph=>1); The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct headers to work with an NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, which expect all their scripts to be NPH. =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER print $query->start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids', -author=>'fred@capricorn.org', -base=>'true', -target=>'_blank', -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy', 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'}, -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'}, -BGCOLOR=>'blue'); After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the page's appearance and behavior. This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening tag. All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added to the tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a hyphen. The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the tag different from the current location, as in -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/" All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag. The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to manipulate this. -target=>"answer_window" All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag. You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta> argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned into a series of header tags that look something like this: To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of tag, use B<-head>, described below. The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more information. The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into the tag. The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English. For example: print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA'); The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified. You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the section with the B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used element in the head section, use this: print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next', -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'})); To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the section, just pass an array reference: print start_html(-head=>[ Link({-rel=>'next', -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}), Link({-rel=>'previous', -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'}) ] ); And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV tag: print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type', -content => 'text/html'})) JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions. This block will be placed within a