#stat FILEHANDLE

#stat EXPR

#stat DIRHANDLE

#stat

Returns a 13-element list giving the status info for a file, either the file opened via FILEHANDLE or DIRHANDLE, or named by EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, it stats $_ (not _!). Returns the empty list if stat fails. Typically used as follows:

my ($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid,$rdev,$size,
    $atime,$mtime,$ctime,$blksize,$blocks)
       = stat($filename);

Not all fields are supported on all filesystem types. Here are the meanings of the fields:

 0 dev      device number of filesystem
 1 ino      inode number
 2 mode     file mode  (type and permissions)
 3 nlink    number of (hard) links to the file
 4 uid      numeric user ID of file's owner
 5 gid      numeric group ID of file's owner
 6 rdev     the device identifier (special files only)
 7 size     total size of file, in bytes
 8 atime    last access time in seconds since the epoch
 9 mtime    last modify time in seconds since the epoch
10 ctime    inode change time in seconds since the epoch (*)
11 blksize  preferred I/O size in bytes for interacting with the
            file (may vary from file to file)
12 blocks   actual number of system-specific blocks allocated
            on disk (often, but not always, 512 bytes each)

(The epoch was at 00:00 January 1, 1970 GMT.)

(*) Not all fields are supported on all filesystem types. Notably, the ctime field is non-portable. In particular, you cannot expect it to be a "creation time"; see "Files and Filesystems" in perlport for details.

If stat is passed the special filehandle consisting of an underline, no stat is done, but the current contents of the stat structure from the last stat, lstat, or filetest are returned. Example:

if (-x $file && (($d) = stat(_)) && $d < 0) {
    print "$file is executable NFS file\n";
}

(This works on machines only for which the device number is negative under NFS.)

On some platforms inode numbers are of a type larger than perl knows how to handle as integer numerical values. If necessary, an inode number will be returned as a decimal string in order to preserve the entire value. If used in a numeric context, this will be converted to a floating-point numerical value, with rounding, a fate that is best avoided. Therefore, you should prefer to compare inode numbers using eq rather than ==. eq will work fine on inode numbers that are represented numerically, as well as those represented as strings.

Because the mode contains both the file type and its permissions, you should mask off the file type portion and (s)printf using a "%o" if you want to see the real permissions.

my $mode = (stat($filename))[2];
printf "Permissions are %04o\n", $mode & 07777;

In scalar context, stat returns a boolean value indicating success or failure, and, if successful, sets the information associated with the special filehandle _.

The File::stat module provides a convenient, by-name access mechanism:

use File::stat;
my $sb = stat($filename);
printf "File is %s, size is %s, perm %04o, mtime %s\n",
       $filename, $sb->size, $sb->mode & 07777,
       scalar localtime $sb->mtime;

You can import symbolic mode constants and functions (S_I*) from the Fcntl module:

use Fcntl ':mode';

my $mode = (stat($filename))[2];

my $user_rwx      = ($mode & S_IRWXU) >> 6;
my $group_read    = ($mode & S_IRGRP) >> 3;
my $other_execute =  $mode & S_IXOTH;

printf "Permissions are %04o\n", S_IMODE($mode), "\n";

my $is_setuid     =  $mode & S_ISUID;
my $is_directory  =  S_ISDIR($mode);

You could write the last two using the -u and -d operators. Commonly available S_I* constants are:

# Permissions: read, write, execute, for user, group, others.

S_IRWXU S_IRUSR S_IWUSR S_IXUSR
S_IRWXG S_IRGRP S_IWGRP S_IXGRP
S_IRWXO S_IROTH S_IWOTH S_IXOTH

# Setuid/Setgid/Stickiness/SaveText/EnforcedLocks.
# Note that the exact meaning of these is system-dependent.

S_ISUID S_ISGID S_ISVTX S_ISTXT S_ENFMT

# File types.  Not all are necessarily available on
# your system.

S_IFREG S_IFDIR S_IFLNK S_IFBLK S_IFCHR
S_IFIFO S_IFSOCK S_IFWHT

# The following are compatibility aliases for S_IRUSR,
# S_IWUSR, and S_IXUSR.

S_IREAD S_IWRITE S_IEXEC

and the S_I* functions are

S_IMODE($mode)    the part of $mode containing the permission
                  bits and the setuid/setgid/sticky bits

S_IFMT($mode)     the part of $mode containing the file type,
                  which will match one of the S_IF* constants
                  (e.g. S_IFMT($mode) == S_IFDIR for directories),
                  but see the following helper functions

# The operators -f, -d, -l, -b, -c, -p, and -S.

S_ISREG($mode) S_ISDIR($mode) S_ISLNK($mode)
S_ISBLK($mode) S_ISCHR($mode) S_ISFIFO($mode) S_ISSOCK($mode)

# No direct -X operator counterpart.

S_ISWHT($mode)

See your native chmod(2) and stat(2) documentation for more details about the S_I* constants. To get status info for a symbolic link instead of the target file behind the link, use the lstat function.

Portability issues: "stat" in perlport.

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